(±)-Epinephrine-d3 (Synonyms: (±)-Adrenaline-d3,DL-Adrenaline-d3,DL-Epinephrine-d3)

(±)-Epinephrine-d₃ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of (±)-epinephrine by GC- or LC-MS. (±)-Epinephrine is a natural neurotransmitter that is released from the adrenal medulla and activates adrenoceptors (K_is = 15, 735, and 3,970 nM for α_1A-, β₂-, and β₁-adrenergic receptors, respectively).^1,2,3 Through these receptors, (±)-epinephrine may induce either contraction or relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, depending on adrenoceptor subtype expression.^[3] Formulations containing (±)-epinephrine have been used in the emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions and the induction and maintenance of mydriasis during intraocular surgery.

References:
[1].Rothman, R.B., Vu, N., Partilla, J.S., et al.In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substratesJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.307(1)138-145(2003).
[2].Hoffmann, C., Leitz, M.R., Oberdorf-Maass, S., et al.Comparative pharmacology of human β-adrenergic receptor subtypes—characterization of stably transfected receptors in CHO cellsN.-S. Arch. Pharmacol.369(2)151-159(2004).
[3].Ahles, A., and Englehardt, S.Polymorphic variants of adrenoceptors: Pharmacology, physiology, and role in diseasePharmacol. Rev.66(3)598-637(2014).