Indoxyl Sulfate (potassium salt) |
| Katalog-Nr.GC43903 |
Indoxylsulfat (Kaliumsalz) ist ein endogenes Stoffwechselprodukt.
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 2642-37-7
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Indoxyl Sulfate (IS), also known as 3-indoxylsulfate and 3-indoxylsulfuric acid, is a metabolite of dietary L-tryptophan that acts as a cardiotoxin and uremic toxin[1]. Indoxyl Sulfate is taken up by proximal tubular cells through organic anion transporters (OAT1, OAT3), and it induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) with impairment of cellular antioxidative system[2-3].
Indoxyl Sulfate (62.5-1000µM;24h) induces intestinal damage via inhibiting mitophagic flux in Caco2 cells[4]. Indoxyl Sulfate (1 mM;12 h) induces fibrotic responses of tubular epithelial cells, renal fibroblasts, and macrophages via mTORC1 signaling [5]. Indoxyl Sulfate (1 mM;24 h) induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the differentiated 3T3L-1 adipocyte[6].
After injection of Indoxyl Sulfate (100 mg/kg; i.p; 8 weeks), the intestinal macroscopical damage and permeability of mice increased, and the serum Indoxyl Sulfate level increased [4]. Indoxyl Sulfate (10-3 M, 60 min) augments ET-1-induced contraction in rat aortae [7]. Indoxyl Sulfate (200 mg/kg/day of Indoxyl Sulfate in water) downregulates renal expression of Nrf2 through activation of NF-κB, followed by downregulation of HO-1 and NQO1 and increased production of ROS[8]. Indoxyl Sulfate increased endothelin-1-induced contraction but had no effect on phenylephrine, thromboxane analog, or isotonic K+-induced renal arterial contractions[9].
References:
[1]. Lano G, Burtey S, et,al. Indoxyl Sulfate, a Uremic Endotheliotoxin. Toxins (Basel). 2020 Apr 5;12(4):229. doi: 10.3390/toxins12040229. PMID: 32260489; PMCID: PMC7232210.
[2]. Niwa T, Shimizu H. Indoxyl sulfate induces nephrovascular senescence. J Ren Nutr. 2012 Jan;22(1):102-6. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.10.032. PMID: 22200425.
[3]. Niwa T. Indoxyl sulfate is a nephro-vascular toxin. J Ren Nutr. 2010 Sep;20(5 Suppl):S2-6. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.05.002. PMID: 20797565.
[4]. Huang Y, Zhou J, et,al. Indoxyl sulfate induces intestinal barrier injury through IRF1-DRP1 axis-mediated mitophagy impairment. Theranostics. 2020 Jun 5;10(16):7384-7400. doi: 10.7150/thno.45455. PMID: 32641998; PMCID: PMC7330852.
[5]. Nakano T, Watanabe H, et,al.Indoxyl Sulfate Contributes to mTORC1-Induced Renal Fibrosis via The OAT/NADPH Oxidase/ROS Pathway. Toxins (Basel). 2021 Dec 18;13(12):909. doi: 10.3390/toxins13120909. PMID: 34941746; PMCID: PMC8706756.
[6]. Tanaka S, Watanabe H, et,al. Indoxyl Sulfate Contributes to Adipose Tissue Inflammation through the Activation of NADPH Oxidase. Toxins (Basel). 2020 Aug 5;12(8):502. doi: 10.3390/toxins12080502. PMID: 32764271; PMCID: PMC7472142.
[7]. Matsumoto T, Takayanagi K, et,al. Indoxyl sulfate enhances endothelin-1-induced contraction via impairment of NO/cGMP signaling in rat aorta. Pflugers Arch. 2021 Aug;473(8):1247-1259. doi: 10.1007/s00424-021-02581-8. Epub 2021 May 22. Erratum in: Pflugers Arch. 2021 Jun 17;: PMID: 34021781.
[8]. Bolati D, Shimizu H, et,al. Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, downregulates renal expression of Nrf2 through activation of NF-κB. BMC Nephrol. 2013 Mar 4;14:56. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-56. PMID: 23496811; PMCID: PMC3599003.
[9]. Matsumoto T, Taguchi N, et,al. Indoxyl sulfate decreases uridine adenosine tetraphosphate-induced contraction in rat renal artery. Pflugers Arch. 2022 Dec;474(12):1285-1294. doi: 10.1007/s00424-022-02755-y. Epub 2022 Oct 1. PMID: 36181534.
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
|
Cell lines |
Caco2 cells |
|
Preparation Method |
Cells treated with various concentrations of Indoxyl Sulfate for 24 hours. |
|
Reaction Conditions |
62.5-1000µM;24h |
|
Applications |
Indoxyl Sulfate (IS) induces intestinal damage via inhibiting mitophagic flux in Caco2 cells. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
|
Animal models |
C57BL/6J mice |
|
Preparation Method |
Mice were intraperitoneally injected with Indoxyl Sulfate (100 mg/kg) daily for 8 weeks. |
|
Dosage form |
100 mg/kg; i.p; 8 weeks |
|
Applications |
After injection of Indoxyl Sulfate, the intestinal macroscopical damage and permeability of mice increased, and the serum Indoxyl Sulfate level increased. |
|
References: [1]. Huang Y, Zhou J, et,al. Indoxyl sulfate induces intestinal barrier injury through IRF1-DRP1 axis-mediated mitophagy impairment. Theranostics. 2020 Jun 5;10(16):7384-7400. doi: 10.7150/thno.45455. PMID: 32641998; PMCID: PMC7330852. |
|
| Cas No. | 2642-37-7 | SDF | |
| Chemical Name | 3-(hydrogen sulfate), 1H-indol-3-ol, monopotassium salt | ||
| Canonical SMILES | [O-]S(OC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)(=O)=O.[K+] | ||
| Formula | C8H6NO4S • K | M.Wt | 251.3 |
| Löslichkeit | 30mg/mL in DMSO or DMF | Storage | Store at -20°C, protect from light |
| General tips | Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the
solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in
separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method
and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored
at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time. |
||
| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
| Prepare stock solution | |||
|
1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 3.9793 mL | 19.8965 mL | 39.7931 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.7959 mL | 3.9793 mL | 7.9586 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.3979 mL | 1.9897 mL | 3.9793 mL |
Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)
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μL
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Calculation results:
Working concentration: mg/ml;
Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O, mix and clarify.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.
Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.
3. All of the above co-solvents are available for purchase on the GlpBio website.
Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >98.00%
- COA (Certificate Of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Average Rating: 5 (Based on Reviews and 14 reference(s) in Google Scholar.)
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