Ketone Ester (Synonyms: (R)-3-Hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, ketone ester)

BD-AcAc 2, added in diet, could elevated mean blood ketone bodies of 3.5 mm and lowered plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin in animals; ketone ester given orally would delay CNS-OT seizures in rats breathing hyperbaric oxygen.IC50 value:Target:a ketone ester given orally as R,S-1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester (BD-AcAc(2)) would delay CNS-OT seizures in rats breathing hyperbaric oxygen (HBO(2)). Adult male rats (n = 60) were implanted with radiotelemetry units to measure electroencephalogram (EEG). One week postsurgery, rats were administered a single oral dose of BD-AcAc(2), 1,3-butanediol (BD), or water 30 min before being placed into a hyperbaric chamber and pressurized to 5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) O2 [1]. Beginning at a presymptomatic age, 2 groups of male 3xTgAD mice were fed a diet containing a physiological enantiomeric precursor of ketone bodies (KET) or an isocaloric carbohydrate diet. The results of behavioral tests performed at 4 and 7 months after diet initiation revealed that KET-fed mice exhibited significantly less anxiety in 2 different tests. 3xTgAD mice on the KET diet also exhibited significant, albeit relatively subtle, improvements in performance on learning and memory tests. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that KET-fed mice exhibited decreased Aβ deposition in the subiculum, CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, and the amygdala [2].

References:
[1]. D'Agostino DP, et al. Therapeutic ketosis with ketone ester delays central nervous system oxygen toxicity seizures in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013 May 15;304(10):R829-36.
[2]. Kashiwaya Y, et al. A ketone ester diet exhibits anxiolytic and cognition-sparing properties, and lessens amyloid and tau pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Jun;34(6):1530-9.